1. summary of significant accounting policies
Summary review of accounting principles and the methods used in their application by the Company
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in Canada and are expressed in Canadian dollars.
The terms TELUS or Company are used to mean TELUS Corporation and, where the context of the narrative permits, or requires, its subsidiaries.
(a) Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of the Company's subsidiaries, of which the principal one is TELUS Communications Inc. TELUS Communications Inc. includes substantially all of the Company's Wireline segment's operations and all of the Wireless segment's operations, currently through the TELUS Communications Company partnership and the TELE-MOBILE COMPANY partnership.
The financing arrangements of the Company and all of its subsidiaries do not impose restrictions on inter-corporate dividends.
On a continuing basis, TELUS Corporation reviews its corporate organization and effects changes as appropriate so as to enhance its value. This process can, and does, affect which of the Company's subsidiaries are considered principal subsidiaries at any particular point in time.
(b) Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Examples of significant estimates include:
- the key economic assumptions used to determine the fair value of residual cash flows arising from accounts receivable securitization;
- the allowance for doubtful accounts;
- the allowance for inventory obsolescence;
- the estimated useful lives of assets;
- the recoverability of tangible assets;
- the recoverability of intangible assets with indefinite lives;
- the recoverability of long-term investments;
- the recoverability of goodwill;
- the amount and composition of income tax assets and income tax liabilities, including the amount of unrecognized tax benefits;
- the accruals for Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) deferral account liabilities; and
- certain actuarial and economic assumptions used in determining defined benefit pension costs, accrued pension benefit obligations and pension plan assets.
(c) Revenue recognition
The Company earns the majority of its revenue (voice local, voice long distance, data (including data and information technology managed services) and wireless network) from access to, and usage of, the Company's telecommunication infrastructure. The majority of the balance of the Company's revenue (other and wireless equipment) arises from providing products and services facilitating access to, and usage of, the Company's telecommunication infrastructure.
The Company offers complete and integrated solutions to meet its customers' needs. These solutions may involve the delivery of multiple services and products occurring at different points in time and/or over different periods of time. As appropriate, these multiple element arrangements are separated into their component accounting units, consideration is measured and allocated amongst the accounting units based upon their relative fair values and then the Company's relevant revenue recognition polices are applied to the accounting units.
The Company's revenues are recorded net of any value-added, sales and/or use taxes billed to the customer concurrent with a revenueproducing transaction.
Voice local, voice long distance, data and wireless network: The Company recognizes revenues on the accrual basis and includes an estimate of revenues earned but unbilled. Wireline and wireless service revenues are recognized based upon usage of the Company's network and facilities and upon contract fees.
Advance billings are recorded when billing occurs prior to rendering the associated service; such advance billings are recognized as revenue in the period in which the services are provided. Similarly, and as appropriate, upfront customer activation and connection fees, along with the corresponding direct costs not in excess of the revenues, are deferred and recognized over the average expected term of the customer relationship.
When the Company receives no identifiable, separable benefit for consideration given to a customer (e.g. discounts and rebates), the consideration is recorded as a reduction of revenue rather than as an expense as the Company considers this to result in a more appropriate presentation of transactions in the financial statements.
The Company follows the liability method of accounting for its quality of service rate rebate amounts that arise from the jurisdiction of the CRTC.
The CRTC has established a portable subsidy mechanism to subsidize Local Exchange Carriers, such as the Company, that provide residential service to high cost serving areas. The CRTC has determined the per line/per band portable subsidy rate for all Local Exchange Carriers. The Company recognizes the portable subsidy on an accrual basis by applying the subsidy rate to the number of residential network access lines it has in high cost serving areas. Differences, if any, between interim and final subsidy rates set by the CRTC, are accounted for as a change in estimate in the period in which the CRTC finalizes the subsidy rate.
Other and wireless equipment: The Company recognizes product revenues, including wireless handsets sold to re-sellers and customer premises equipment, when the products are delivered and accepted by the end-user customers. Revenues from operating leases of equipment are recognized on a systematic and rational basis (normally a straightline basis) over the term of the lease.
When the Company receives no identifiable, separable benefit for consideration given to a customer (e.g. discounts and rebates), the consideration is recorded as a reduction of revenue rather than as an expense as the Company considers this to result in a more appropriate presentation of transactions in the financial statements.
Non-high cost serving area deferral account: On May 30, 2002, and on July 31, 2002, the CRTC issued Decision 2002-34 and Decision 2002-43, respectively, pronouncements that will affect the Company's wireline revenues for five-year periods beginning June 1, 2002, and August 1, 2002, respectively. In an effort to foster competition for residential basic service in non-high cost serving areas, the concept of a deferral account mechanism was introduced by the CRTC, as an alternative to mandating price reductions.
The deferral account arises from the CRTC requiring the Company to defer the income statement recognition of a portion of the monies received in respect of residential basic services provided to non-high cost serving areas. The revenue deferral is based on the rate of inflation (as measured by a chain-weighted Gross Domestic Product Price Index), less a productivity offset of 3.5%, and an "exogenous factor" that is associated with allowed recoveries in previous price cap regimes that have now expired. The Company may recognize the deferred amounts upon the undertaking of qualifying actions, such as Service Improvement Programs in qualifying non-high cost serving areas, rate reductions (including those provided to competitors as required in Decision 2002-34 and Decision 2002-43) and/or rebates to customers. To the extent that a balance remains in the deferral account, interest expense of the Company is required to be accrued at the Company's short-term cost of borrowing.
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The Company has adopted the liability method of accounting for the deferral account. This results in the Company recording a liability to the extent that activities it has undertaken, realized rate reductions for Competitor Services and other future qualifying events do not extinguish the balance of the deferral account, as further discussed in Note 19(a) and quantified in Note 20(b). This also results in the Company continuing to record incremental liability amounts, subject to reductions for the mitigating activities, for the remaining duration of the Decisions' four-year periods. Other than for the interest accrued on the balance of the deferral account, which would be included in financing costs, substantially all income statement effects of the deferral account are recorded through operating revenues. The CRTC can direct that the Company undertake activities drawing down the deferral account that would not affect the income statement; the financial statement impacts of those activities would be contingent on what the CRTC directed.
(d) Cost of acquisition and advertising costs
Costs of acquiring customers, which include the total cost of hardware subsidies, commissions, advertising and promotion related to the initial customer acquisition, are expensed as incurred and are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a component of Operations expense. Costs of advertising production, airtime and space are expensed as incurred.
(e) Research and development
Research and development costs are expensed except in cases where development costs meet certain identifiable criteria for deferral. Deferred development costs are amortized over the life of the commercial production, or in the case of serviceable property, plant and equipment, are included in the appropriate property group and are depreciated over its estimated useful life.
(f) Depreciation and amortization
Assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life as determined by a continuing program of studies. Depreciation includes amortization of assets under capital leases and amortization of leasehold improvements. Leasehold improvements are normally amortized over the lesser of their expected average service life or the term of the lease. Intangible assets with finite lives (intangible assets subject to amortization) are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated lives; estimated lives are reviewed at least annually and are adjusted as appropriate. The continuing program of asset life studies considers such items as timing of technological obsolescence, competitive pressures and future infrastructure utilization plans; such considerations could also indicate that carrying values of assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying values of assets were not considered recoverable, an impairment provision (measured at the amount by which the carrying values of the assets exceeds their fair values) would be recorded.
Estimated useful lives for the majority of the Company's capital assets subject to depreciation and amortization are as follows:
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The Company chose to depreciate and amortize its assets on a straight-line basis as it believes that this method better reflects the consumption of resources related to the economic lifespan of the assets than use of an accelerated method and thus is more representative of the economic substance of the underlying use of the assets.
The carrying value of intangible assets with indefinite lives, and goodwill, are periodically tested for impairment using a two-step impairment test. The frequency of the impairment test generally is the reciprocal of the stability of the relevant events and circumstances, but intangible assets with indefinite lives and goodwill must, at a minimum, be tested annually; the Company has selected December as its annual test time. No impairment amounts arose from the December 2006 and December 2005 annual tests. The test is applied to each of the Company's two reporting units (the reporting units being identified in accordance with the criteria in the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) Handbook section for intangible assets and goodwill): Wireline and Wireless.
The Company assesses its goodwill by applying the prescribed method of comparing the fair value of its reporting units to the carrying amounts of its reporting units. Consistent with current industry-specific valuation methods, a combination of the discounted cash flow approach, the market comparable approach and analytical review of industry and Company-specific facts is used in determining the fair value of the Company's reporting units.
(g) Translation of foreign currencies
Trade transactions completed in foreign currencies are translated into Canadian dollars at the rates prevailing at the time of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into Canadian dollars at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date with any resulting gain or loss being included in the Consolidated Statements of Income, as set out in Note 8. Hedge accounting is applied in specific instances as further discussed in Note 1(h).
The Company has a minor foreign subsidiary that is considered to be self-sustaining. Accordingly, foreign exchange gains and losses arising from the translation of the minor foreign subsidiary's accounts into Canadian dollars are deferred and reported as cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment in the equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets, as set out in Note 18(a) and discussed further in Note 2(b).
(h) Hedge accounting
General: The Company applies hedge accounting to the financial instruments used to:
- establish designated currency hedging relationships for its U.S. Dollar denominated long-term debt future cash outflows (semiannual interest payments and principal payments at maturity), as set out in Note 5 and further discussed in Note 17(b);
- forward starting interest rate swap agreements, as further discussed in Note 5;
- fix the compensation cost arising from specific grants of restricted stock units, as set out in Note 5 and further discussed in Note 12(c); and
- for certain U.S. Dollar denominated future purchase commitments, as set out in Note 5.
Hedge accounting: The purpose of hedge accounting, in respect of the Company's designated hedging relationships, is to ensure that counterbalancing gains and losses are recognized in the same periods. The Company chose to apply hedge accounting, as it believes this is more representative of the economic substance of the underlying transactions.
In order to apply hedge accounting, a high correlation (which indicates effectiveness) is required in the offsetting changes in the values of the financial instruments (the hedging items) used to establish the designated hedging relationships and all, or a part, of the asset, liability or transaction having an identified risk exposure that the Company has taken steps to modify (the hedged items). The Company assesses the anticipated effectiveness of designated hedging relationships at inception and for each reporting period thereafter. A designated hedging relationship is considered effective by the Company if the following critical terms match between the hedging item and the hedged item: the notional amount of the hedging item and the principal of the hedged item; maturity dates; payment dates; and interest rate index (if, and as, applicable). Any ineffectiveness, such as from a difference between the notional amount of the hedging item and the principal of the hedged item, or if a previously effective designated hedging relationship becomes ineffective, is reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income as Financing costs if in respect of long-term debt or U.S. Dollar denominated temporary investments and as Operations expense if in respect of share-based compensation or U.S. Dollar denominated future purchase commitments.
Deferred hedging assets and liabilities: In the application of hedge accounting to U.S. Dollar denominated long-term debt future cash outflows, an amount (the hedge value) is recorded in respect of the fair value of the hedging items only to the extent that their value counterbalances the difference between the Canadian dollar equivalent of the value of the hedged items at the rate of exchange at the balance sheet date and the Canadian dollar equivalent of the value of the hedged items at the rate of exchange in the hedging items.
In the application of hedge accounting to the compensation cost arising from share-based compensation, an amount (the hedge value) is recorded in respect of the fair value of the hedging items only to the extent that their value counterbalances the difference between the quoted market price of the Company's Common Shares and/or Non- Voting Shares at the balance sheet date and the price of the Company's Common Shares and/or Non-Voting Shares in the hedging items.
(i) Income taxes
The Company follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, current income taxes are recognized for the estimated income taxes payable for the current year. Future income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between the tax and accounting bases of assets and liabilities as well as for the benefit of losses available to be carried forward to future years for tax purposes that are more likely than not to be realized based upon the expected timing of the reversal of such temporary differences, or usage of such tax losses, and application of the substantively enacted tax rates at the time of such reversal or usage.
The operations of the Company are complex, and related tax interpretations, regulations and legislation are continually changing. As a result, there are usually some tax matters in question that result in uncertain tax positions. The Company only recognizes the income tax benefit of an uncertain tax position when it is more likely than not that the ultimate determination of the tax treatment of the position will result in that benefit being realized. The Company accrues for interest charges on current tax liabilities that have not been funded, which would include interest and penalties arising from uncertain tax positions. The Company includes such charges as a component of financing costs.
The Company's research and development activities may be eligible to earn Investment Tax Credits; the determination of eligibility is a complex matter. The Company only recognizes the Investment Tax Credits when it is more likely than not that the ultimate determination of the eligibility of the Company's research and development activities will result in the Investment Tax Credits being received. When it is more likely than not that the Investment Tax Credits will be received, they are accounted for using the cost reduction method whereby such credits are deducted from the expenditures or assets to which they relate, as set out in Note 9.
(j) Share-based compensation
Canadian GAAP requires, for share options granted after 2001, that a fair value be determined for share options at the date of grant and that such fair value be recognized in the financial statements. Proceeds arising from the exercise of share options are credited to share capital.
In respect of restricted stock units, as set out in Note 11(c), the Company accrues a liability equal to the product of the vesting restricted stock units multiplied by the fair market value of the corresponding shares at the end of the reporting period (unless hedge accounting is applied, as set out in Note 1(h)). The expense for restricted stock units that are forfeited or cancelled is reversed against the expense that had been recorded up to the date of forfeiture or cancellation.
When share-based compensation vests in one amount at a future point in time (cliff vesting), the expense is recognized by the Company in the Consolidated Statements of Income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. When share-based compensation vests in tranches (graded vesting), the expense is recognized by the Company in the Consolidated Statements of Income using the accelerated expense attribution method.
(k) Employee future benefit plans
The Company accrues its obligations under employee defined benefit plans, and the related costs, net of plan assets. The cost of pensions and other retirement benefits earned by employees is actuarially determined using the projected benefit method pro-rated on service and management's best estimate of expected plan investment performance, salary escalation and retirement ages of employees. For the purpose of calculating the expected return on plan assets, those assets are valued at fair value. The excess of the net actuarial gain (loss) over 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation and the fair value of the plan assets is amortized over the average remaining service period of active employees of the plan, as are past service costs and transitional assets and liabilities.
The Company uses defined contribution accounting for the Telecommunication Workers Pension Plan and the British Columbia Public Service Pension Plan that cover certain of the Company's employees.
(l) Cash and temporary investments, net
Cash and temporary investments, which include investments in money market instruments that are purchased three months or less from maturity, are presented net of outstanding items including cheques written but not cleared by the bank as at the balance sheet date. Cash and temporary investments, net, are classified as a liability on the balance sheet when the amount of the cheques written but not cleared by the bank exceeds the amount of the cash and temporary investments. When cash and temporary investments, net, are classified as a liability, they may also include overdraft amounts drawn on the Company's bilateral bank facilities, which revolve daily and are discussed further in Note 16.
(m) Sales of receivables
Transfers of receivables in securitization transactions are recognized as sales when the Company is deemed to have surrendered control over the transferred receivables and consideration, other than for its beneficial interests in the transferred receivables, has been received. When the Company sells its receivables, it retains reserve accounts, which are retained interests in the securitized receivables, and servicing rights. When a transfer is considered a sale, the Company derecognizes all receivables sold, recognizes at fair value the assets received and the liabilities incurred and records the gain or loss on sale in the Consolidated Statements of Income as "Other expense, net". The amount of gain or loss recognized on the sale of receivables depends in part on the previous carrying amount of the receivables involved in the transfer, allocated between the receivables sold and the retained interests based upon their relative fair market value at the sale date. The Company estimates the fair value for its retained interests based on the present value of future expected cash flows using management's best estimates of the key assumptions (credit losses, the weighted average life of the receivables sold and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved).
(n) Inventories
The Company's inventory consists primarily of wireless handsets, parts and accessories and communications equipment held for resale. Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value, with cost being determined on an average cost basis. Prior to 2006, inventories of wireless handsets, parts and accessories were valued at the lower of cost and replacement cost, with cost being determined on an average cost basis; the Company was not materially affected by the change in valuation method, which was prospectively applied.
(o) Capital assets
General: Capital assets are recorded at historical cost and, with respect to self-constructed property, plant, equipment and other, include materials, direct labour and applicable overhead costs. With respect to internally-developed, internal-use software, recorded historical costs include materials, direct labour and direct labourrelated costs. Where property, plant, equipment and other construction projects exceed $50 million and are of a sufficiently long duration (generally, longer than twelve months), an amount is capitalized for the cost of funds used to finance construction. The rate for calculating the capitalized financing costs is based on the Company's one-year cost of borrowing.
When property, plant and/or equipment are sold by the Company, the historical cost less accumulated depreciation is netted against the sale proceeds and the difference is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income as "Other expense, net".
Asset retirement obligations: Liabilities are recognized for statutory, contractual or legal obligations, normally when incurred, associated with the retirement of property, plant and equipment (primarily certain items of outside plant and wireless site equipment) when those obligations result from the acquisition, construction, development or normal operation of the assets. The obligations are measured initially at fair value, determined using present value methodology, and the resulting costs capitalized into the carrying amount of the related asset. In subsequent periods, the liability is adjusted for the accretion of discount and any changes in the amount or timing of the underlying future cash flows. The capitalized asset retirement cost is depreciated on the same basis as the related asset and the discount accretion is included in determining the results of operations.
(p) Leases
Leases are classified as capital or operating depending upon the terms and conditions of the contracts.
Where the Company is the lessee, asset values recorded under capital leases are amortized on a straight-line basis over the period of expected use. Obligations recorded under capital leases are reduced by lease payments net of imputed interest.
For the year ended December 31, 2006, real estate and vehicle operating lease expenses, which are net of the amortization of the deferred gain on the sale-leaseback of buildings, were $178.1 million (2005 ñ $165.1 million). The unamortized balances of the deferred gains on the sale-leaseback of buildings are set out in Note 20(b).
(q) Investments
The Company accounts for its investments in companies over which it has significant influence using the equity basis of accounting whereby the investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted to recognize the Company's share of earnings or losses of the investee companies and reduced by dividends received. The excess of the cost of equity investments over the underlying book value at the date of acquisition, except for goodwill, is amortized over the estimated useful lives of the underlying assets to which it is attributed.
The Company accounts for its other investments using the cost basis of accounting whereby investments are initially recorded at cost and earnings from such investments are recognized only to the extent received or receivable.
Carrying values of equity and cost investments are reduced to estimated market values if there is other than a temporary decline in the value of the investment; such reduction recorded is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income as "Other expense, net".
(r) Comparative amounts
Certain of the comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted currently.